ADULTS
Marriage
Definition: The crude marriage rate, i.e., the annual number of marriages per 1000 population.
Notes:
Colombia: data tabulated by year of registration; except for Bogota, data pertain to marriages recorded in Roman Catholic Church registers only. Colombia 1986 data and Peru 1998 data are considerably older than for other countries.
Sources:
Canada (2007), United States (2007), Mexico (2007), France (2009), Germany (2009), United Kingdom (2007), Italy (2009), Spain (2009), Sweden (2009), Poland (2009), Japan (2007), South Korea (2009), Australia (2007), and New Zealand (2007): OECD Family Database, http://www.oecd.org/document/4/0,3746,en_2649_34819_37836996_1_1_1_1,00.html
Argentina (2006), Colombia (1986), Peru (1998), Saudi Arabia (2005), China (2006), Indonesia (2003), Philippines (2009): United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2009). World Marriage Data 2008 (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008).
Chile (2010): Registro Civil e Identificación, de Chile, http://www.registrocivil.cl/f_estadisticas_enfoque_de_genero.html
Peru (2009): Digital library of the National Institute of Statistics and Information, http://www.inei.gob.pe/Biblioinei4.asp
South Africa (2009): Statistics South Africa, http://www.statssa.gov.za
Egypt (2008): Arab Republic of Egypt, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pages_ar.aspx?pageid=552
Malaysia (2009): Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development, http://www.kpwkm.gov.my/new_index.php?page=statistic_content&year=2
Taiwan (2009): Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of China 2009 (Edited 2010), http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y009.pdf
Divorce
Definition:
The crude divorce rate, i.e., the annual number of divorces per 1000 population.
Notes:
Figures for Egypt include ‘revocable divorces’ (among Moslem population), which approximate legal separations. The figure presented for Chile is also the sum of divorces and annulments. Some states in the United States also include annulments in their divorce figures.
For Mexico and China, data were tabulated by date of registration.
The Peru circa 1970 figure excludes the Indian jungle population.
For the United Kingdom in 1970 and 1985, data were tabulated by date of occurrence for England and Wales, and by date of registration for Northern Ireland and Scotland. Also, estimates through 1995 exclude the Channel Island and the Isle of Man.
Divorce remains illegal in the Philippines: it became legal in Argentina in 1987 and in Chile in 2004; Catholic divorce became legal in Colombia in 1991.
Crude divorce rates for Argentina as a whole are unavailable, but in the city of Buenos Aires the crude divorce rate was 6.1 in 1988 (the year following legalization), 2.0 in 1995, 2.3 in 2005, and 2.0 most recently (2009): see Dirección General de Estadística y Censos, Ministerio de Hacienda, Los divorcios en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires desde la aprobación de la ley de divorcio vincular, Informe de resultados 447, 2011, http://estatico.buenosaires.gov.ar/areas/hacienda/sis_estadistico/ir_2011_447.pdf
Exact years: Colombia circa 1995 is from 1994, and circa 2005 is from 2006; Peru circa 1970 is from 1968, and circa 1995 is from 1997; Saudi Arabia circa 1995 is from 1996; Italy’s circa 1970 is from 1971; Spain circa 1985 is from 1982; China circa 1970 is from 1978; Indonesia circa 1970 is from 1976, and circa 2005 is from 2002.
Sources:
Crude divorce rates 1970-2005:
Canada (1970, 1985, 2005): Statistics Canada, http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/famil02-eng.htm
Chile (2005): Registro Civil e Identificación, de Chile, http://www.registrocivil.cl/f_estadisticas_enfoque_de_genero.html
Spain and South Korea (1970): OECD Family Database, http://www.oecd.org/document/4/0,3746,en_2649_34819_37836996_1_1_1_1,00.html
Taiwan (1985, 1995, 2005): Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of China 2009 (Edited 2010), http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y009.pdf
All other data: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2009). World Marriage Data 2008 (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008).
Most recent crude divorce rates:
Canada (2005): Statistics Canada, http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/famil02-eng.htm
United States (2007): U.S. Census Bureau 2010, Table 78, http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0078.pdf
Mexico (2007), France (2006), Germany (2008), United Kingdom (2007), Italy (2008), Spain (2008), Sweden (2008), Poland (2008), Japan (2007), South Korea (2008), Australia (2007), and New Zealand (2008), OECD Family Database, http://www.oecd.org/document/4/0,3746,en_2649_34819_37836996_1_1_1_1,00.html
Colombia (2007), Saudi Arabia (2005), China (2006): United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2009). World Marriage Data 2008 (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2008).
Chile (2010): Registro Civil e Identificación, de Chile, http://www.registrocivil.cl/f_estadisticas_enfoque_de_genero.html
South Africa (2009): Statistics South Africa, http://www.statssa.gov.za
Egypt (2008): Arab Republic of Egypt, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pages_ar.aspx?pageid=552
Indonesia (2008): Religious Affairs Ministry estimate reported by the BBC and other sources
Malaysia (2009): Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development, http://www.kpwkm.gov.my/new_index.php?page=statistic_content&year=2
Taiwan (2009): Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of China 2009 (Edited 2010), http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y009.pdf
Cohabitation
Definition: Percent of adults living together but not married.
Notes:
For Kenya, Nigeria, and the Philippines, it is the proportion of reproductive-age women living in a nonmarital union because the Demographic and Health Survey household data did not distinguish cohabitation and marriage.
For Peru, the Demographic and Health Survey data do allow an estimate based on the entire adult population.
For Saudi Arabia and Egypt, the
Sources:
Canada (2006), Mexico (2006), Argentina (2006), Colombia (2005), South Africa (2006), France (2006), Germany (2006), United Kingdom (2006), Italy (2005), Spain (2007), Sweden (2006), Poland (2005), China (2007), India (2006), Japan (2005), Malaysia (2006), South Korea (2005), Taiwan (2006), Australia (2005), New Zealand (2004): World Values Survey, http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/
United States (2010): Current Population Survey, http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/hh-fam/uc1.xls
Chile (2009): Ministerio de Planificación, http://www.mideplan.gob.cl/casen/bases_datos.html
Peru (2008): Demographic and Health Surveys, http://www.measuredhs.com
Kenya (2008-09) and Nigeria (2008), and the Philippines (2008): Demographic and Health Surveys, www.statcompiler.com
CHILDREN
Nonmarital childbearing
Definition: Percent of all live births that are to unmarried women.
Notes:
For countries where Demographic and Health Survey data are used (see below), it is the proportion giving birth in the year before the survey who are not married at survey.
The most recent data for South Africa (1998) are considerably older than for other countries; more recent Demographic and Health Survey data (2003) were deemed unreliable by the implementing organizations.
The most recent data for Argentina are from 2000 because after 2000, Argentina’s Ministry of Health changed to publishing births as mother living with a partner or not (including married or cohabiting) rather than as marital and nonmarital.
Decline over time in nonmarital childbearing in Nigeria is consistent with the recorded decline in cohabitation.
Nonmarital childbearing is illegal (subject to fine) in some provinces of China.
Sources:
Circa 1970 nonmarital childbearing:
Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Poland, and New Zealand: OECD Family Database, http://www.oecd.org/document/4/0,3746,en_2649_34819_37836996_1_1_1_1,00.html
United States, The State of Our Unions: Marriage in America 2010, http://www.virginia.edu/marriageproject/pdfs/Union_11_12_10.pdf
Mexico, Colombia, and Peru (1972): Teresa Castro Martín, “Cohabitación y fecundidad no matrimonial en América Latina:una perspectiva comparada,” Seminario Internacional Nupcialidad y Familia en América Latina. Proyecto WORLDFAM. CED, Barcelona, 7-9 Octubre 2010, http://www.ced.uab.es/worldfam/teresa_castro.pdf
Chile, Futuro de las familias y desafíos para las políticas (Irma Arriagada, ed.) División de Desarrollo Social, Santiago de Chile, 2008.
Taiwan: Social Indicators 2009, http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/081717581371.pdf
Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/77B6801038D63200CA2577CF000DEFCE?opendocument
Circa 1995 nonmarital childbearing:
Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Poland, Japan, South Korea, and New Zealand: OECD Family Database, http://www.oecd.org/document/4/0,3746,en_2649_34819_37836996_1_1_1_1,00.html
United States, The State of Our Unions: Marriage in America 2010, http://www.virginia.edu/marriageproject/pdfs/Union_11_12_10.pdf
Mexico (2001): Teresa Castro Martín, “Cohabitación y fecundidad no matrimonial en América Latina:una perspectiva comparada,” Seminario Internacional Nupcialidad y Familia en América Latina. Proyecto WORLDFAM. CED, Barcelona, 7-9 Octubre 2010, http://www.ced.uab.es/worldfam/teresa_castro.pdf
Argentina (average of 1990 and 2000): Ministerio de Salud. Dirección de Estadísticas e Información de Salud, Estadísticas Vitales – Serie 5. Información Basica Año 2000. Diciembre 2001. Buenos Aires, Ministerio de Salud.
Colombia, Peru (1996), Kenya (weighted average of 1993 and 1998), Nigeria (weighted average of 1990 and 1999), South Africa (1998), India ( Chile (average of 1990 and 2000): Futuro de las familias y desafíos para las políticas (Irma Arriagada, ed.) División de Desarrollo Social, Santiago de Chile, 2008.
Taiwan: Social Indicators 2009, http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/081717581371.pdf
Australia (2009): Australian Bureau of Statistics, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/77B6801038D63200CA2577CF000DEFCE?opendocument
Most recent nonmarital childbearing rates:
Canada (2005), Mexico (2008), France (2008), Germany (2008), United Kingdom (2008), Italy (2007), Spain (2008), Sweden (2008), Poland (2008), Japan (2008), South Korea (2008), and New Zealand (2007): OECD Family Database, http://www.oecd.org/document/4/0,3746,en_2649_34819_37836996_1_1_1_1,00.html
United States (2009): The State of Our Unions: Marriage in America 2010, http://www.virginia.edu/marriageproject/pdfs/Union_11_12_10.pdf
Argentina (2000): Ministerio de Salud. Dirección de Estadísticas e Información de Salud, Estadísticas Vitales – Serie 5. Información Basica Año 2000. Diciembre 2001. Buenos Aires, Ministerio de Salud.
Colombia (2010), Peru (2008), Kenya (2008-09), Nigeria (2008), South Africa (1998), Egypt (2008), India (2006), and Indonesia (2007): Demographic and Health Surveys, http://www.measuredhs.com/
Chile (2009): Registro Civil e Identificación, de Chile 2010; www.registrocivil.cl%2Ff_estadisticas_enfoque_de_genero.html
Philippines (2008): Census data, National Statistics Office, Republic of the Philippines, as reported in http://www.journal.com.ph/index.php/news/top-stories/9437-pinoys-favor-live-in-over-marriage
Taiwan (2009): Social Indicators 2009, http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/081717581371.pdf
Australia (2009): Australian Bureau of Statistics, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/77B6801038D63200CA2577CF000DEFCE?opendocument
Children in single parent households
Definition: Percent of children under age 15 living with either one parent who does not have a partner (whether marital or cohabiting) or with neither parent.
Notes:
For the United States, Mexico, Japan, and Australia children under 17 are tabulated.
For Taiwan, children under 18 are tabulated.
Sources:
Canada (2000), United States (2005), Mexico (2007), France (1999), Germany (2000), United Kingdom (2001), Italy (2001), Spain (2001), Sweden (2000), Poland (2002), Japan (2007), Australia (2006), New Zealand (2006): OECD Family Database, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/62/27/41919533.pdf
Argentina (2001): Constanza Street, CEPAL Notas de Población No. 82, http://www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/8/28858/lcg2320_P_6.pdf
Colombia (2010), Peru (2008), Egypt (2008), Nigeria (2008), India (2006): Demographic and Health Surveys, www.measuredhs.com
China (1990), Kenya (1999), Malaysia (2000), Philippines (2000), South Africa (2007): Minnesota Population Center. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, International: Version 6.1 [Machine-readable database]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2011 (National Bureau of Statistics, China; National Bureau of Statistics, Kenya; Department of Statistics, Malaysia; National Statistics Office, Philippines; Statistics South Africa), https://international.ipums.org/international/
Taiwan (2010): Ministry of the Interior, http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/english/index.asp
Total Fertility Rate
Definition: Average completed fertility assuming contemporary fertility rates prevailed throughout women’s reproductive years.
Notes:
Data for Spain includes the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla.
The data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao, Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China.
Data for Malaysia includes Sabah and Sarawak.
Data for Taiwan from 1960-65 to 1975-80 are actually from 1965, 1970, and 1980.
Data for Australia include Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island.
Sources:
Historical data:
All countries besides Taiwan: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section,
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_indicators.htm
Taiwan 1960-65 to 1975-80: M. C. Chang, “Taiwan’s Transition from High Fertility to Lowest Low Levels,” Asian Journal of Health and Information Sciences 1 (2006): 1-15, http://www.asia.edu.tw/ajhis/no1/01-his06003.pdf
Taiwan 1980-85 to present: Population and Housing, http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y015.pdf
Most recent data:
Population Reference Bureau, 2010 World Population Data Sheet, http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2010/2010wpds.aspx
Taiwan (2009): National Statistics for Republic of China, Population and Housing, http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y015.pdf
Net Reproduction Rate
Definition: The average number of daughters surviving to the mean age of the fertility schedule; a “1” signifies that women exactly replace themselves with not just a daughter, but one that survives long enough to reproduce.
Notes: All data is averaged 2005-2010.
Sources:
All countries besides Taiwan: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section,
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_indicators.htm
Taiwan: National Statistics for Republic of China, Population and Housing, http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y015.pdf
CULTURE
Do Children Need a Mother and Father?
Definition: Percent agreeing with the statement, “If someone says a child needs a home with both a father and a mother to grow up happily, would you tend to agree or disagree?”
Marriage an Outdated Institution?
Definition: Percent disagreeing with the statement, “Do you agree or disagree with the following statement ‘Marriage is an out-dated institution'”
Emphasis on Family Life
Definition: Percent indicating it would be a good thing if there were to be more emphasis on family life
Divorce Attitudes
Definition: Mean value for how unjustified divorce is (1=always justified, 10=never justified)
Source: All cultural indicators are taken from the World Values Survey, http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/index_html
Notes:
Data are weighted to be representative of the adult population in each country. Some countries include data from respondents as young as 15; restricting the data to respondents 18 and older does not make a substantive difference.
Data from Germany for 1981 and 1997 are for West Germany.
Data from Australia for 1981 were deemed unrealistic for the “child needs a mother and father” outcome and thus the trend was not interpreted. If these data are accurate, it would mean that Australia has indeed seen a large decline in the proportion of adults who believe a child needs to be raised by his or her mother or father in order to grow up happily.
There have been five waves of the World Values Survey. We collapse these into three waves: 1981-1990, 1990-1998, and 1999-2007. Exact years for each country are:
- Canada: 1982/1990/2006
- United States: 1982/1995/2006
- Mexico: 1981/1996/2006
- Argentina: 1984/1995/2006
- Colombia: 1998
- Chile: 1990/1996/2006
- Peru: 1996/2006
- France: 1981/1990/1999
- Germany: 1981/1997/2006
- Great Britain: 1981/1990/1999
- Italy: 1981/1990/2005
- Spain: 1981/1995/2007
- Poland: 1990/1997/2005
- Sweden: 1982/1996/2006
- Egypt: 2005
- Saudi Arabia: 2003
- Nigeria: 1990/1995/2000
- South Africa: 1982/1996/2006
- China: 1990/1995/2007
- India: 1990/1996/2006
- Indonesia: 2006
- Japan: 1981/1995/2005
- Malaysia: 2006
- Philippines: 1996/2006
- South Korea: 1982/1996/2005
- Taiwan: 1995/2006
- Australia: 1981/1995/2005
- New Zealand: 1998/2004
ECONOMICS
Childhood mortality
Definition: Number of deaths before age 5 per 1000 live births.
Sources:
All countries but Taiwan: Level & Trends in Child Mortality. Report 2010. Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA, UNPD), http://www.childmortality.org/stock/documents/Child_Mortality_Report_2010.pdf
Taiwan: Abridged life table in Taiwan-Fuchien Area-Overall, 2009: http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/english/elife/te985200.htm
Undernourished
Definition: Percent of the population whose dietary energy consumption is continuously below a minimum dietary energy requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.
Notes: Data are from 2002-2004.
Sources:
All countries besides Taiwan: Population Reference Bureau 2008 World Population Data Sheet (data compiled by PRB from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, www.fao.org/es/ess/faostat/foodsecurity/Files/PrevalenceUndernourishment_en.xls
Taiwan: Yeh et al. “An Empirical Study of Taiwan’s Food Security Index.” Public Health Nutrition 13 (2010): 1056-63.